Surmonter la distance hiérarchique et le syndrome de déférence en salle d’opération

Auteurs-es

  • Jennifer Dunn

DOI :

https://doi.org/10.5737/ornac14513

Mots-clés :

syndrome de déférence, distance hiérarchique dans les soins de santé, obstacles liés à la communication hiérarchique, sécurité des patients et communication, gestion des ressources en équipe dans le domaine de la chirurgie, sécurité psychologique des équipes de soins périopératoires, collaboration interdisciplinaire en santé

Résumé

La distance hiérarchique, le discours atténué et les paradigmes de prise de décision descendante dans les soins périopératoires sapent la collaboration et compromettent la sécurité des patients (Kenawy et Schwartz, 2018). Ils touchent de manière disproportionnée les infirmières en soins périopératoires et sont un terreau fertile au syndrome de déférence, une habitude consistant à employer un langage adouci, façonné par une dynamique de pouvoir bien enracinée. Le syndrome de déférence est un obstacle à l’affirmation de soi et à une communication respectueuse de la sécurité de tous; il amplifie également les risques associés à la prise de décision hiérarchique, au préjudice moral et aux erreurs dues à la fatigue (Applebaum et al., 2020). Il est important de comprendre cette dynamique et donc, de déterminer les interventions qui font contrepoids au syndrome de déférence et à ses effets néfastes, ainsi que les problèmes pouvant nuire à leur mise en œuvre.

Les données provenant du domaine de la santé et de secteurs analogues où les enjeux sont également élevés mettent en évidence des stratégies d’intervention efficaces et réalisables pour résoudre les difficultés urgentes attribuables au syndrome de déférence, par exemple la promotion de la sécurité psychologique, dont le but est de rendre autonomes tous les membres de l’équipe (Grailey et al., 2021), et l’adoption de principes de gestion des ressources en équipe pour remédier aux déséquilibres des forces (Gross et al., 2019). Les interventions à court terme, comme les outils de communication structurée (la méthode SBAR [pour situation-background-assessment-recommendation] et la communication en boucle fermée), ainsi que les séances de planification préopératoire, les caucus quotidiens et la formation de sensibilisation aux préjugés, peuvent améliorer très rapidement la collaboration en milieu périopératoire et la sécurité des patients. D’autres mesures, comme la possibilité de formuler des commentaires anonymes et les comptes rendus postopératoires, favorisent elles aussi la création d’un environnement où il est possible de soulever certains éléments cruciaux sans crainte de représailles. Toutefois, certains obstacles, tels que l’inertie des normes hiérarchiques, la résistance au changement et la rareté des ressources, peuvent nuire à la mise en œuvre de ces mesures; ces points feront tous l’objet d’un examen critique. Les stratégies proposées jettent les bases de réformes à long terme, notamment de programmes de développement du leadership, de technologies d’aide à la décision et de politiques opérationnelles équitables (Tørring et al., 2019). En intégrant ces interventions ciblées, les établissements de santé peuvent atténuer le syndrome de déférence, réduire les barrières hiérarchiques et encourager la communication respectueuse, ce qui favorise une culture d’inclusion et de collaboration et, en fin de compte, améliore l’état des patients et le bien-être de l’équipe.

Ces premières étapes sont bien sûr fondamentales, mais une approche systémique à grande échelle demeure nécessaire pour soutenir l’amélioration à long terme des soins périopératoires. L’urgence de s’attaquer au syndrome de déférence dépasse l’efficacité opérationnelle; c’est un impératif moral essentiel à la création de milieux périopératoires où règnent l’équité et la capacité d’adaptation, et qui respectent les normes éthiques et optimisent la prestation des soins. En supprimant les barrières hiérarchiques, en donnant la priorité à la collaboration et en favorisant l’inclusion, les systèmes de santé peuvent bâtir un modèle d’équipes chirurgicales très efficaces qui profite à la fois aux patients et aux soignants.

Biographie de l'auteur-e

Jennifer Dunn

Jennifer Dunn, inf. aut., M.sc.inf., est doctorante en sciences infirmières à l’Université de Saskatchewan et possède plus de vingt ans d’expérience clinique. Elle est titulaire d’un baccalauréat en sciences infirmières de l’Université du Nouveau-Brunswick (2000) et d’une maîtrise en sciences infirmières de l’Université de Lethbridge (2024); elle a reçu une bourse d’excellence de l’Université de l’Alberta pour les étudiants inscrits aux études supérieures (2022). Ses recherches portent sur le vécu des infirmières en soins périopératoires; elle s’intéresse à l’influence de certaines forces systémiques sur leurs parcours individuels et leurs réalités professionnelles quotidiennes.

Jennifer possède une expertise clinique en soins périopératoires néonatals et pédiatriques; en effet, elle a commencé sa carrière dans l’unité de soins intensifs néonatals de l’Hôpital pour enfants Janeway avant de se spécialiser en soins périopératoires pédiatriques à Hôpital pour enfants de l’Alberta. Ses travaux lui ont valu des bourses d’études en sciences infirmières, dont le prix du fonds de soutien aux doctorants de l’Université de la Saskatchewan (2024–2025). Elle est également une bénévole active du projet Outreach, au sein duquel elle collabore avec des équipes multidisciplinaires pour soutenir les professionnels de la santé dans les régions mal desservies, en faisant la promotion d’initiatives de santé communautaires durables pour les enfants du monde entier.

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2025-05-15

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Dunn, J. (2025). Surmonter la distance hiérarchique et le syndrome de déférence en salle d’opération. Operating Room Nurses Association of Canada Journal, 42(1), 33–43. https://doi.org/10.5737/ornac14513

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